Does the CO-to-H2 conversion factor depend on the star formation rate?

TL;DR

This study uses numerical simulations to examine how the CO-to-H2 conversion factor varies with environmental conditions linked to star formation rate, revealing dependencies that impact extragalactic star formation law interpretations.

Contribution

It provides new insights into how the X-factor depends on cloud mass, density, and virial state in relation to star formation activity.

Findings

X_CO varies weakly with SFR for 10^4 solar mass virialized clouds.

X_CO varies by an order of magnitude with SFR for 10^5 solar mass clouds.

In dense, super-virial clouds, X_CO is independent of SFR.

Abstract

We present a series of numerical simulations that explore how the `X-factor', $X_{CO}$ -- the conversion factor between the observed integrated CO emission and the column density of molecular hydrogen -- varies with the environmental conditions in which a molecular cloud is placed. Our investigation is centred around two environmental conditions in particular: the cosmic ray ionisation rate (CRIR) and the strength of the interstellar radiation field (ISRF). Since both these properties of the interstellar medium have their origins in massive stars, we make the assumption in this paper that both the strength of the ISRF and the CRIR scale linearly with the local star formation rate (SFR). The cloud modelling in this study first involves running numerical simulations that capture the cloud dynamics, as well as the time-dependent chemistry, and ISM heating and cooling. These simulations are then post-processed with a line radiative transfer code to create synthetic 12CO (1-0) emission maps from which $X_{CO}$ can be calculated. We find that for 1e4 solar mass virialised clouds with mean density 100 cm$^{-3}$, $X_{CO}$ is only weakly dependent on the local SFR, varying by a factor of a few over two orders of magnitude in SFR. In contrast, we find that for similar clouds but with masses of 1e5 solar masses, the X-factor will vary by an order of magnitude over the same range in SFR, implying that extra-galactic star formation laws should be viewed with caution. However, for denser ($10^4$ cm$^{-3}$), super-virial clouds such as those found at the centre of the Milky Way, the X-factor is once again independent of the local SFR.