Extremal H-colorings of trees and 2-connected graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates extremal graphs that maximize or minimize the number of $H$-colorings, providing new proofs and characterizations for trees and 2-connected graphs, including paths, stars, bipartite graphs, and cycles.

Contribution

It identifies classes of graphs where paths minimize and stars or bipartite graphs maximize the number of $H$-colorings, using novel proof techniques and stability methods.

Findings

Paths minimize $H$-colorings among trees for certain $H$.

Stars maximize $H$-colorings among trees for all $H$.

Cycles maximize proper colorings among 2-connected graphs.

Abstract

For graphs $G$ and $H$, an $H$-coloring of $G$ is an adjacency preserving map from the vertices of $G$ to the vertices of $H$. $H$-colorings generalize such notions as independent sets and proper colorings in graphs. There has been much recent research on the extremal question of finding the graph(s) among a fixed family that maximize or minimize the number of $H$-colorings. In this paper, we prove several results in this area. First, we find a class of graphs ${\mathcal H}$ with the property that for each $H \in {\mathcal H}$, the $n$-vertex tree that minimizes the number of $H$-colorings is the path $P_n$. We then present a new proof of a theorem of Sidorenko, valid for large $n$, that for every $H$ the star $K_{1,n-1}$ is the $n$-vertex tree that maximizes the number of $H$-colorings. Our proof uses a stability technique which we also use to show that for any non-regular $H$ (and certain regular $H$) the complete bipartite graph $K_{2,n-2}$ maximizes the number of $H$-colorings of $n$-vertex $2$-connected graphs. Finally, we show that the cycle $C_n$ maximizes the number of proper colorings of $n$-vertex $2$-connected graphs.