Two-dimensional connective nanostructures of electrodeposited Zn on Au(111) induced by spinodal decomposition

TL;DR

This study investigates the formation of two-dimensional Zn-Au surface alloys via spinodal decomposition at an electrified interface, revealing structure evolution, kinetics, and a continuum model that explains phase separation.

Contribution

First demonstration of surface alloying by spinodal decomposition at an electrified interface using in situ STM and a continuum model.

Findings

Spinodal structures dominate at middle coverage with ~5 nm scale.

Surface alloying governed by slow kinetics with activation energy 120 meV.

Good agreement between experimental STM data and the continuum model.

Abstract

Phase-formation of surface alloying by spinodal decomposition has been studied for the first time at an electrified interface. For this aim Zn was electrodeposited on Au(111) from the ionic liquid AlCl3-MBIC (58:42) containing 1 mM Zn(II) at different potentials in the underpotential range corresponding to submonolayer up to monolayer coverage. Structure evolution was observed by in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at different times after starting the deposition via potential jumps and at temperatures of 298 K and 323 K. Spinodal or labyrinth two-dimensional structures predominate at middle coverage, both in deposition and dissolution experiments. They are characterized by a length scale of typically 5 nm which has been determined from the power spectral density of the STM images. Structure formation and surface alloying is governed by slow kinetics with a rate constant k with activation energy of 120 meV and preexponential factor of 0.17 Hz. The evolution of the structural features is described by a continuum model and is found to be in good agreement with the STM observations. From the experimental and model calculation results we conclude that the two-dimensional phase-formation in the Zn on Au(111) system is dominated by surface alloying. The phase separation of a Zn-rich and a Zn-Au alloy phase is governed by 2D spinodal decomposition.