Mono-stability of sharp tips interacting with surface hydration layers

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that hydration layers enable stable, high-resolution atomic force microscopy at the nanoscale by preventing tip trapping and reducing wear, challenging the traditional view of capillary interactions as problematic.

Contribution

It reveals that hydration layers can facilitate stable AFM tip-surface interactions at small scales, enabling improved imaging without tip trapping or high adhesion.

Findings

Hydration layers enable stable tip-surface proximity in AFM.

Small amplitude, small set-point mode improves resolution and reduces tip wear.

Capillary interactions can be beneficial at the nanoscale under certain conditions.

Abstract

It is generally thought that capillary interactions in nanoscale contacts give rise to unwanted behaviour due to high adhesion. We show that this is not the case for sufficiently small contacts in ambient conditions. High resolution ambient atomic force microscopy AFM requires tip-sharpness, proximity and small forces, but the cantilever dynamics might not allow these three conditions to be met simultaneously. Hitherto, accepted dogma is that small drive amplitudes lead to either tip trapping or L mode (attractive) imaging, where proximity is inhibited. Here we show that the hydration layer might be responsible for allowing the AFM tip to be brought stably within angstroms of the surface using a small amplitude small set-point (SASS) mode. This phenomenon enhances resolution and stability while dramatically reducing tip wear.