The progenitors of core-collapse supernovae suggest thermonuclear origin for the explosions

TL;DR

This paper argues that observational correlations in supernovae support a thermonuclear explosion mechanism (CITE) over the neutrino mechanism, suggesting different progenitor masses for different supernova types.

Contribution

It demonstrates a correlation between nickel mass and kinetic energy across all CCSNe, supporting the CITE model and challenging the neutrino mechanism predictions.

Findings

Correlation between $M_{Ni}$ and $E_{kin}$ observed in all CCSNe types.

Type Ibc supernovae have higher $E_{kin}$ and $M_{Ni}$ than type II-P.

Progenitors of type Ibc may be massive Wolf-Rayet stars.

Abstract

Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) are the explosions of massive stars following the collapse of the stars' iron cores. Poznanski (2013) has recently suggested an observational correlation between the ejecta velocities and the inferred masses of the red supergiant progenitors of type II-P explosions, which implies that the kinetic energy of the ejecta ($E_{\textrm{kin}}$) increases with the mass of the progenitor. I point out that the same conclusion can be reached from the model-free observed correlation between the ejected $^{56}$Ni masses ($M_{\textrm{Ni}}$) and the luminosities of the progenitors for type II supernovae, which was reported by Fraser et al. (2011). This correlation is in an agreement with the predictions of the collapse-induced thermonuclear explosions (CITE) for CCSNe and in a possible contradiction with the predictions of the neutrino mechanism. I show that a correlation between $M_{\textrm{Ni}}$ and $E_{\textrm{kin}}$ holds for all types of CCSNe (including type Ibc). This correlation suggests a common mechanism for all CCSNe, which is predicted for CITE, but is not produced by current simulations of the neutrino mechanism. Furthermore, the typical values of $E_{\textrm{kin}}$ and $M_{\textrm{Ni}}$ for type Ibc explosions are larger by an order of a magnitude than the typical values for II-P explosions, a fact which disfavors progenitors with the same initial mass range for these explosions. Instead, the progenitors of type Ibc explosions could be massive Wolf-Rayet stars, which are predicted to yield strong explosions with low ejecta masses (as observed) according to CITE. In this case, there is no deficit of high mass progenitors for CCSNe, which was suggested under the assumption of a similar mass range for the progenitors of types II-P and Ibc supernovae.