A High Resolution Wide-Field Radio Survey of M51

TL;DR

This paper presents the highest resolution wide-field radio survey of the galaxy M51, revealing detailed core structures, supernovae, and background AGNs through multi-wavelength analysis, advancing understanding of galaxy and AGN phenomena.

Contribution

It introduces a novel high-resolution, wide-field VLBI survey of M51 using multi-phase centre technique, detecting multiple sources and analyzing their properties across radio, optical, and X-ray wavelengths.

Findings

Detection of six sources including nucleus, supernova, and AGNs

Identification of a parsec-scale core-jet structure with lateral shift

Evidence of a fossil radio hotspot and complex AGN morphologies

Abstract

We present the highest resolution, wide-field radio survey of a nearby face-on star-forming galaxy to date. The multi-phase centre technique is used to survey the entire disk of M51 (77 square arc minutes) at a maximum resolution of 5 milli-arcseconds on a single 8 hr pointing with the European VLBI Network at 18 cm. In total, 7 billion pixels were imaged using 192 phase centres that resulted in the detection of six sources: the Seyfert nucleus, the supernova SN 2011dh, and four background AGNs. Using the wealth of archival data available in the radio (MERLIN and the VLA), optical (Hubble Space Telescope) and X-rays (Chandra) the properties of the individual sources were investigated in detail. The combined multi-wavelength observations reveal a very complex and puzzling core region that includes a low-luminosity parsec scale core-jet structure typical of AGNs, with evidence for a lateral shift corresponding to 0.27c. Furthermore, there is evidence for a fossil radio hotspot located 1.44 kpc from the Seyfert nucleus that may have resulted from a previous ejection cycle. Our study provides measures of the supernova and star-formation rates that are comparable to independent studies at other wavelengths, and places further limits on the radio and X-ray luminosity evolution of the supernovae SN 1994I, SN 2005cs and SN 2011dh. The radio images of background AGN reveal complex morphologies that are indicative of powerful radio galaxies, and confirmed via the X-ray and optical properties.