A new perspective on steady-state cosmology: from Einstein to Hoyle

TL;DR

This paper uncovers Einstein's early 1931 unpublished steady-state universe model, compares it with Hoyle's later models, and discusses its historical significance and relevance to modern cosmology.

Contribution

It reveals Einstein's overlooked early steady-state model and analyzes its differences and similarities with Hoyle's models, providing historical context.

Findings

Einstein's 1931 manuscript on steady-state universe discovered.

Comparison shows Einstein's model predates Hoyle's by years.

Discussion on the relevance of steady-state models today.

Abstract

We recently reported the discovery of an unpublished manuscript by Albert Einstein in which he attempted a 'steady-state' model of the universe, i.e., a cosmic model in which the expanding universe remains essentially unchanged due to a continuous formation of matter from empty space. The manuscript was apparently written in early 1931, many years before the steady-state models of Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold. We compare Einstein's steady-state cosmology with that of Hoyle, Bondi and Gold and consider the reasons Einstein abandoned his model. The relevance of steady-state models for today's cosmology is briefly reviewed.