Multiplexed Neural Recording Down a Single Optical Fiber via Optical Reflectometry with Capacitive Signal Enhancement

TL;DR

This paper proposes a novel fiber-optic neural recording system that uses optical reflectometry and capacitive signal enhancement to detect neural activity with high resolution and sensitivity along a single optical fiber.

Contribution

It introduces a new fiber-optic architecture inspired by electrooptic modulators for minimally invasive, high-resolution neural sensing without contrast agents.

Findings

Achieves 20 μm axial resolution in neural activity detection.

Sensitivity down to 100 μV with a dynamic range up to 1 V.

Theoretical analysis supports feasibility of the design.

Abstract

We introduce a fiber-optic architecture for neural recording without contrast agents, and study its properties theoretically. Our sensor design is inspired by electrooptic modulators, which modulate the refractive index of a waveguide by applying an electric field across an electrooptic core material, and allows recording of the activities of individual neurons located at points along a 10 cm length of optical fiber with 20 um axial resolution, sensitivity down to 100 uV and a dynamic range of up to 1V using commercially available optical reflectometers as readout devices. A key concept of the design is the ability to create an "intensified" electric field inside an optical waveguide by applying the extracellular voltage from a neural spike over a nanoscopic distance. Implementing this concept requires the use of ultrathin high-dielectric capacitor layers. If suitable materials can be found -- possessing favorable properties with respect to toxicity, ohmic junctions, and surface capacitance -- then such sensing fibers could, in principle, be scaled down to few-micron cross-sections for minimally invasive neural interfacing. Custom-designed multi-material optical fibers, probed using a reflectometric readout, may therefore provide a powerful platform for neural sensing.