The Degree of Squares is an Atom (Extended Version)

TL;DR

This paper proves that the degree of the squares sequence is an atom in the degree structure of sequences under finite-state transducibility, expanding understanding of the fundamental building blocks in this hierarchy.

Contribution

It establishes that the degree of the squares sequence is an atom, and characterizes transducts of spiralling sequences, advancing the theory of degrees of infinite sequences.

Findings

The degree of the squares sequence is an atom.

Transducts of spiralling sequences are characterized.

Every transduct of a polynomial sequence is either trivial or related to a polynomial sequence of the same degree.

Abstract

We answer an open question in the theory of degrees of infinite sequences with respect to transducibility by finite-state transducers. An initial study of this partial order of degrees was carried out in (Endrullis, Hendriks, Klop, 2011), but many basic questions remain unanswered. One of the central questions concerns the existence of atom degrees, other than the degree of the `identity sequence' 1 0^0 1 0^1 1 0^2 1 0^3 .... A degree is called an `atom' if below it there is only the bottom degree 0, which consists of the ultimately periodic sequences. We show that also the degree of the `squares sequence' 1 0^0 1 0^1 1 0^4 1 0^9 1 0^{16} ... is an atom. As the main tool for this result we characterise the transducts of `spiralling' sequences and their degrees. We use this to show that every transduct of a `polynomial sequence' either is in 0 or can be transduced back to a polynomial sequence for a polynomial of the same order.