The difficulty of measuring the local dark matter density

TL;DR

Measuring the local dark matter density using vertical stellar velocities is complex due to non-local effects, gas underestimation, and tracer population inhomogeneities, making precise estimates challenging.

Contribution

This paper develops an analytical model for vertical stellar velocity dispersion that accounts for non-local effects and tracer inhomogeneity, highlighting limitations in current dark matter density measurements.

Findings

Mid-plane dynamic density estimates underestimate baryonic matter by ~40%.

Tracer population inhomogeneity affects dispersion gradients and density interpretations.

Analytical solutions reveal difficulties in accurately measuring local dark matter density.

Abstract

The analysis of the vertical velocity dispersion of disc stars is the most direct astronomical means of estimating the local dark matter density, $\rho_{DM}$. Current estimates based on the mid-plane dynamic density use a local baryonic correction that ignores the non-local effects of spiral structure and significantly underestimates the amount of dynamically relevant gas; the additional gas plus the remaining uncertainties make it practically impossible to measure $\rho_{DM}$ from mid-plane kinematics alone. The sampling of inhomogeneous tracer populations with different scale-heights and scale-lengths results in a systematic increase in the observed dispersion gradients and changes in the nominal density distributions that, if not properly considered, can be misinterpreted as a sign of more dark matter. If the disc gravity is modelled using an infinite disc, the local variation in the vertical gravity due to the globally exponential disc components results in an underestimation of the baryonic contribution by as much as ~40% Given only the assumptions of stationarity, an axially and vertically symmetric disc, doubly exponential tracer and mass-component density profiles, a phenomenologically justified model for the cross-dispersion component $\sigma_{Rz}$, and a realistic model for $g_z$, it is possible to solve the full vertical Jeans equation analytically for the vertical dispersion $\sigma_{z}(z)$ and hence test the robustness of previous attempts at measuring $\rho_{DM}$. When the model parameters are estimated from SEGUE G dwarf star data, it is still not possible to explain the difference in behaviour seen in the simple thick- and thin-disc datasets reported by Buedenbender et al.. Rather than being a fundamental problem with the kinematical model, this effect appears to be a further sign of the difficulty of defining and handling kinematically homogeneous tracer populations.