Evidence for universal relations describing a gas with $p$-wave interactions

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the measurement of $p$-wave contacts in an ultracold Fermi gas, establishing their universal relations and revealing significant $p$-wave interaction energies near a resonance.

Contribution

It introduces the first experimental evidence of $p$-wave contact relations, extending universal thermodynamic principles beyond $s$-wave interactions.

Findings

Measured $p$-wave contacts in ultracold Fermi gas.

Established $p$-wave contact relations and their universal nature.

Inferred attractive $p$-wave interaction energy up to half the Fermi energy.

Abstract

Thermodynamics provides powerful constraints on physical and chemical systems in equilibrium. However, non-equilibrium dynamics depends explicitly on microscopic properties, requiring an understanding beyond thermodynamics. Remarkably, in dilute gases, a set of universal relations is known to connect thermodynamics directly with microscopic properties. So far, these "contact" relations have been established only for interactions with $s$-wave symmetry, i.e., without relative angular momentum. We report measurements of two new physical quantities, the "$p$-wave contacts", and present evidence that they encode the universal aspects of $p$-wave interactions through recently proposed relations. Our experiments use an ultracold Fermi gas of $^{40}$K, in which $s$-wave interactions are suppressed by polarising the sample, while $p$-wave interactions are enhanced by working near a scattering resonance. Using time-resolved spectroscopy, we study how correlations in the system develop after "quenching" the atoms into an interacting state. Combining quasi-steady-state measurements with new contact relations, we infer an attractive $p$-wave interaction energy as large as half the Fermi energy. Our results reveal new ways to understand and characterise the properties of a resonant $p$-wave quantum gas.