Modelling the local and global cloud formation on HD 189733b

TL;DR

This paper models the spatially varying cloud formation on exoplanet HD 189733b using a combination of 3D atmospheric simulations and kinetic cloud formation models, revealing diverse cloud properties and their impact on observable features.

Contribution

It introduces the first spatially resolved kinetic cloud model for HD 189733b based on 3D atmospheric data, advancing understanding of cloud variability on exoplanets.

Findings

Cloud properties vary significantly between dayside and nightside.

Silicates are the main component of clouds.

Cloud scattering and absorption influence observable spectra.

Abstract

Context. Observations suggest that exoplanets such as HD 189733b form clouds in their atmospheres which have a strong feedback onto their thermodynamical and chemical structure, and overall appearance. Aims. Inspired by mineral cloud modelling efforts for Brown Dwarf atmospheres, we present the first spatially varying kinetic cloud model structures for HD 189733b. Methods. We apply a 2-model approach using results from a 3D global radiation-hydrodynamic simulation of the atmosphere as input for a detailed, kinetic cloud formation model. Sampling the 3D global atmosphere structure with 1D trajectories allows us to model the spatially varying cloud structure on HD 189733b. The resulting cloud properties enable the calculation of the scattering and absorption properties of the clouds. Results. We present local and global cloud structure and property maps for HD 189733b. The calculated cloud properties show variations in composition, size and number density of cloud particles which are strongest between the dayside and nightside. Cloud particles are mainly composed of a mix of materials with silicates being the main component. Cloud properties, and hence the local gas composition, change dramatically where temperature inversions occur locally. The cloud opacity is dominated by absorption in the upper atmosphere and scattering at higher pressures in the model. The calculated 8{\mu}m single scattering Albedo of the cloud particles are consistent with Spitzer bright regions. The cloud particles scattering properties suggest that they would sparkle/reflect a midnight blue colour at optical wavelengths.