Polynomially Low Error PCPs with polyloglog n Queries via Modular Composition

TL;DR

This paper presents a new PCP construction with exponentially improved parameters, achieving low error with polyloglog n queries and small alphabet size, using a novel modular composition and distributional soundness.

Contribution

It introduces a modular PCP construction with distributional soundness, enabling multiple compositions without increasing soundness error, improving previous bounds significantly.

Findings

Achieves $1/ ext{poly}(n)$ soundness with $O( ext{poly}\log\log n)$ queries

Uses a new notion of distributional soundness for modular composition

Provides an exponential improvement over prior PCP constructions

Abstract

We show that every language in NP has a PCP verifier that tosses $O(\log n)$ random coins, has perfect completeness, and a soundness error of at most $1/\text{poly}(n)$, while making at most $O(\text{poly}\log\log n)$ queries into a proof over an alphabet of size at most $n^{1/\text{poly}\log\log n}$. Previous constructions that obtain $1/\text{poly}(n)$ soundness error used either $\text{poly}\log n $ queries or an exponential sized alphabet, i.e. of size $2^{n^c}$ for some $c>0$. Our result is an exponential improvement in both parameters simultaneously. Our result can be phrased as a polynomial-gap hardness for approximate CSPs with arity $\text{poly}\log\log n$ and alphabet size $n^{1/\text{poly}\log n}$. The ultimate goal, in this direction, would be to prove polynomial hardness for CSPs with constant arity and polynomial alphabet size (aka the sliding scale conjecture for inverse polynomial soundness error). Our construction is based on a modular generalization of previous PCP constructions in this parameter regime, which involves a composition theorem that uses an extra `consistency' query but maintains the inverse polynomial relation between the soundness error and the alphabet size. Our main technical/conceptual contribution is a new notion of soundness, which we refer to as {\em distributional soundness}, that replaces the previous notion of "list decoding soundness", and that allows us to prove a modular composition theorem with tighter parameters. This new notion of soundness allows us to invoke composition a super-constant number of times without incurring a blow-up in the soundness error.