The Fall of Black Hole Firewall: Natural Nonmaximal Entanglement for Page Curve

TL;DR

This paper challenges the black hole firewall hypothesis by proposing that nonmaximal entanglement, supported by canonical typicality in nondegenerate systems, prevents firewall formation, aligning entanglement entropy with thermal entropy.

Contribution

It introduces a new perspective using canonical typicality to explain black hole entanglement, avoiding firewalls in nondegenerate systems with nonzero Hamiltonians.

Findings

Entanglement is nonmaximal in nondegenerate systems.

No energetic singularities (firewalls) occur under this framework.

Entanglement entropy matches thermal entropy for static thermal states.

Abstract

The black hole firewall conjecture is based on Page curve hypothesis, which claims that entanglement between black hole and Hawking radiation is almost maximum. The hypothesis is inspired by Lubkin-Lloyd-Pagels-Page theorem for degenerate systems with zero Hamiltonian. Adopting canonical typicality for nondegenerate systems with nonvanishing Hamiltonians, the entanglement becomes nonmaximal,and energetic singularities (firewalls) do not emerge for general systems. For static thermal pure states of black hole and Hawking radiation, entanglement entropy equals thermal entropy of the smaller system.