Charged Q-balls in gauge mediated SUSY breaking models

TL;DR

This paper explores the formation and stability of charged Q-balls in gauge mediated SUSY breaking models, showing how their electric charge arises and identifying conditions for their survival in the universe.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of gauged Q-balls with baryon and lepton charges, revealing their stability conditions and electric charge properties within an Abelian gauge theory.

Findings

Stable gauged Q-ball solutions with electric charge are found.

Coulomb potential influences decay processes and stability.

Conditions for charged Q-ball survival are established.

Abstract

It is known that after Affleck-Dine baryogenesis, spatial inhomogeneities of Affleck-Dine field grow into non-topological solitons called Q-balls. In gauge mediated SUSY breaking models, sufficiently large Q-balls with baryon charge are stable while Q-balls with lepton charge can always decay into leptons. For a Q-ball that carries nonzero $B$ and $L$ charges, the difference between the baryonic component and the leptonic component in decay rate may induce nonzero electric charge on the Q-ball. This implies that charged Q-ball, also called gauged Q-ball, may emerge in our universe. In this paper, we investigate two complex scalar fields, a baryonic scalar field and a leptonic one, in an Abelian gauge theory. We find stable solutions of gauged Q-balls for different baryon and lepton charges. Those solutions shows that a Coulomb potential arises and the Q-ball becomes electrically charged as expected. It is energetically favored that some amount of leptonic component decays, but there is an upper bound on its amount due to the Coulomb force. The baryonic decay also becomes possible by virtue of electrical repulsion and we find the condition to suppress it so that the charged Q-balls can survive in the universe.