Parity effect and single-electron injection for Josephson-junction chains deep in the insulating state

TL;DR

This study investigates charge transport in deeply insulating Josephson-junction chains, revealing dominant single-electron tunneling, a strong parity effect, and the suppression of Cooper-pair tunneling, with implications for understanding insulating superconducting systems.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed experimental evidence that single-electron tunneling dominates in the deep insulating state of Josephson-junction chains, highlighting the parity effect and quasiparticle influence.

Findings

Charge transport is dominated by single-electron tunneling.

A sharp parity temperature $T^*$ marks the transition where the threshold voltage vanishes.

Thermally-activated zero-bias conductance appears above $T^*$, with activation energy equal to the superconducting gap.

Abstract

We have made a systematic investigation of charge transport in 1D chains of Josephson junctions where the characteristic Josephson energy is much less than the single-island Cooper-pair charging energy, $E_\mathrm{J}\ll E_{CP}$. Such chains are deep in the insulating state, where superconducting phase coherence across the chain is absent, and a voltage threshold for conduction is observed at the lowest temperatures. We find that Cooper-pair tunneling in such chains is completely suppressed. Instead, charge transport is dominated by tunneling of single electrons, which is very sensitive to the presence of BCS quasiparticles on the superconducting islands of the chain. Consequently we observe a strong parity effect, where the threshold voltage vanishes sharply at a characteristic parity temperature $T^*$, which is significantly lower than the the critical temperature, $T_c$. A measurable and thermally-activated zero-bias conductance appears above $T^*$, with an activation energy equal to the superconducting gap, confirming the role of thermally-excited quasiparticles. Conduction below $T^*$ and above the voltage threshold occurs via injection of single electrons/holes into the Cooper-pair insulator, forming a non-equilibrium steady state with a significantly enhanced effective temperature. Our results explicitly show that single-electron transport dominates deep in the insulating state of Josephson-junction arrays. This conduction process has mostly been ignored in previous studies of both superconducting junction arrays and granular superconducting films below the superconductor-insulator quantum phase transition.