Modelling the cosmic neutral hydrogen from DLAs and 21 cm observations

TL;DR

This paper reviews and connects models of neutral hydrogen in the universe from DLA and 21-cm observations, revealing tensions and implications for understanding HI distribution and evolution across redshifts.

Contribution

It introduces a unified, physically motivated model linking DLA and 21-cm data, highlighting discrepancies and implications for HI host halos and power spectra.

Findings

A 21-cm based prescription fits most data but not DLA clustering at z~2.3.

Tension exists between DLA bias and 21-cm measurements.

Implications for HI host halo masses and power spectrum analysis.

Abstract

We review the analytical prescriptions in the literature to model the 21-cm (emission line surveys/intensity mapping experiments) and Damped Lyman-Alpha (DLA) observations of neutral hydrogen (HI) in the post-reionization universe. While these two sets of prescriptions have typically been applied separately for the two probes, we attempt to connect these approaches to explore the consequences for the distribution and evolution of HI across redshifts. We find that a physically motivated, 21-cm based prescription, extended to account for the DLA observables provides a good fit to the majority of the available data, but cannot accommodate the recent measurement of the clustering of DLAs at $z \sim 2.3$. This highlights a tension between the DLA bias and the 21-cm measurements, unless there is a very significant change in the nature of HI-bearing systems across redshifts 0-3. We discuss the implications of our findings for the characteristic host halo masses of the DLAs and the power spectrum of 21-cm intensity fluctuations.