Angle Preserving Mappings

TL;DR

This paper characterizes angle-preserving and orthogonality-preserving linear mappings between inner product spaces and modules, establishing conditions under which such mappings are similarities or preserve orthogonality.

Contribution

It provides new characterizations of angle and orthogonality preserving linear maps in inner product spaces and modules, including conditions for mappings to be similarities.

Findings

Injective angle-preserving maps are similarities.

Orthogonality preservation characterized by order relations in modules.

Results extend to inner product C*-modules.

Abstract

In this paper, we give some characterizations of orthogonality preserving mappings between inner product spaces. Furthermore, we study the linear mappings that preserve some angles. One of our main results states that if $\mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Y}$ are real inner product spaces and $\theta\in(0, \pi)$, then an injective nonzero linear mapping $T:\mathcal{X}\longrightarrow \mathcal{Y}$ is a similarity whenever (i) $x\underset{\theta}{\angle} y\, \Leftrightarrow \,Tx\underset{\theta}{\angle} Ty$ for all $x, y\in \mathcal{X}$; (ii) for all $x, y\in \mathcal{X}$, $\|x\|=\|y\|$ and $x\underset{\theta}{\angle} y$ ensure that $\|Tx\|=\|Ty\|$. We also investigate orthogonality preserving mappings in the setting of inner product $C^{*}$-modules. Another result shows that if $\mathbb{K}(\mathscr{H})\subseteq\mathscr{A}\subseteq\mathbb{B}(\mathscr{H})$ is a $C^{*}$-algebra and $T\,:\mathscr{E}\longrightarrow \mathscr{F}$ is an $\mathscr{A}$-linear mapping between inner product $\mathscr{A}$-modules, then $T$ is orthogonality preserving if and only if $|x|\leq|y|\, \Rightarrow \,|Tx|\leq|Ty|$ for all $x, y\in \mathscr{E}$.