Three-Dimensional Phase Field Simulations of Hysteresis and Butterfly Loops by Finite Volume Method

TL;DR

This paper presents 3D finite volume simulations of ferroelectric hysteresis and butterfly loops, analyzing the effects of mechanical strains on domain behavior and nonlinear responses.

Contribution

It introduces a finite volume method for 3D phase field simulations of ferroelectric hysteresis, including the effects of mechanical loading on domain evolution.

Findings

Mechanical strains significantly affect hysteresis loops.

Simulation captures nonlinear response to electric field and stress.

3D domain evolution aligns with experimental observations.

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) simulations of ferroelectric hysteresis and butterfly loops have been carried out based on solving the time dependent Ginsburg-Landau equations by using a finite volume method. The influence of externally mechanical loadings with a tensile strain and a compressive strain on the hysteresis and butterfly loops has been studied numerically. The 3D ferroelectric domain formation and its evolution have also been presented in the paper. The simulation results successfully reveal the macroscopically nonlinear response to the applied stresses and electric field.