Electromagnetic Structure of Few-Nucleon Ground States

TL;DR

This paper compares experimental form factors of hydrogen and helium isotopes with three theoretical models, finding that relativistic treatments are essential at high momentum transfers and showing no evidence of quark-gluon effects at short distances.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive comparison of experimental data with three different nuclear theories, highlighting the importance of relativistic dynamics at high momentum transfers.

Findings

Agreement between data and models below 5 fm$^{-1}$

Relativistic CST model matches high-momentum data for deuteron

No evidence of quark-gluon effects at short distances

Abstract

Experimental form factors of the hydrogen and helium isotopes, extracted from an up-to-date global analysis of cross sections and polarization observables measured in elastic electron scattering from these systems, are compared to predictions obtained in three different theoretical approaches: the first is based on realistic interactions and currents, including relativistic corrections (labeled as the conventional approach); the second relies on a chiral effective field theory description of the strong and electromagnetic interactions in nuclei (labeled $\chi$EFT); the third utilizes a fully relativistic treatment of nuclear dynamics as implemented in the covariant spectator theory (labeled CST). For momentum transfers below $Q \lesssim 5$ fm$^{-1}$ there is satisfactory agreement between experimental data and theoretical results in all three approaches. However, at $Q \gtrsim 5$ fm$^{-1}$, particularly in the case of the deuteron, a relativistic treatment of the dynamics, as is done in the CST, is necessary. The experimental data on the deuteron $A$ structure function extend to $Q \simeq 12$ fm$^{-1}$, and the close agreement between these data and the CST results suggests that, even in this extreme kinematical regime, there is no evidence for new effects coming from quark and gluon degrees of freedom at short distances.