Three-component Fulde-Ferrell superfluids in a two-dimensional Fermi gas with spin-orbit coupling

TL;DR

This paper explores the emergence of three-component Fulde-Ferrell superfluid states in a two-dimensional spin-orbit coupled Fermi gas, revealing novel pairing mechanisms driven by spin-orbit interactions and hyperfine-state couplings.

Contribution

It demonstrates the existence of a three-component FF pairing state in a 2D Fermi gas with spin-orbit coupling, expanding understanding of unconventional superfluid phases.

Findings

Identification of three-component FF pairing states.

Mapping of the phase diagram showing different pairing states.

Characterization of order parameters and momentum distributions.

Abstract

We investigate the pairing physics of a three-component spin-orbit coupled Fermi gas in two spatial dimensions. The three atomic hyperfine states of the system are coupled by the recently realized synthetic spin-orbit coupling (SOC), which mixes different hyperfine states into helicity branches in a momentum-dependent manner. As a consequence, the interplay of spin-orbit coupling and the hyperfine-state dependent interactions leads to the emergence of Fulde-Ferrell (FF) pairing states with finite center-of-mass momenta even in the absence of the Fermi-surface asymmetry that is usually mandatory to stabilize an SOC-induced FF state. We show that, for different combinations of spin-dependent interactions, the ground state of the system can either be the conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer pairing state with zero center-of-mass momentum or be the FF pairing states. Of particular interest here is the existence of a three-component FF pairing state in which every two out of the three components form FF pairing. We map out the phase diagram of the system and characterize the properties of the three-component FF state, such as the order parameters, the gapless contours and the momentum distributions. Based on these results, we discuss possible experimental detection schemes for the interesting pairing states in the system.