Luminosity and spin-period evolution of GX 304$-$1 during outbursts from 2009 to 2013 observed with the MAXI/GSC, RXTE/PCA, and Fermi/GBM

TL;DR

This study analyzes the luminosity and spin-period evolution of the Be binary X-ray pulsar GX 304-1 during outbursts from 2009 to 2013, revealing a consistent orbital period and detailed orbital parameters through multi-mission observations.

Contribution

First comprehensive analysis of GX 304-1's outburst behavior combining MAXI, RXTE, and Fermi data, deriving orbital parameters and spin evolution models.

Findings

12 outbursts with a 132.189-day period consistent with historical data.

Pulse period modulation synchronized with orbital motion.

Orbital elements indicating a typical Be binary system.

Abstract

A report is made on the luminosity and pulse-period evolution of the Be binary X-ray pulsar, GX 304$-$1, during a series of outbursts from 2009 to 2013 observed by MAXI/GSC, RXTE/PCA, and Fermi/GBM. In total, twelve outbursts repeated by $\sim$ 132.2 days were observed, which is consistent with the X-ray periodicity of this object observed in the 1970s. These 12 outbursts, together with those in the 1970s, were found to all recur with a well defined period of 132.189$\pm$0.02 d, which can be identified with the orbital period. The pulse period at $\sim 275$ s, obtained from the RXTE/PCA and Fermi/GBM data, apparently exhibited a periodic modulation synchronized with the outburst period, suggesting the pulsar orbital motion, which is superposed on a secular spin-up trend throughout the entire active phase. The observed pulse-period changes were successfully represented by a model composed of the binary orbital modulation and pulsar spin up caused by mass accretion through an accretion disk. The orbital elements obtained from the best-fit model, including the projected orbital semi-major axis $a_{\rm x}\sin i \simeq 500-600$ light-s and an eccentricity $e \simeq 0.5$, are typical of Be binary X-ray pulsars.