The young low-mass star ISO-Oph-50: Extreme variability induced by a clumpy, evolving circumstellar disk

TL;DR

ISO-Oph-50, a young low-mass star, exhibits extreme brightness and color variability caused by a clumpy, evolving circumstellar disk, providing insights into inner disk inhomogeneities and their effects on young stellar objects.

Contribution

This study presents detailed multi-band photometry and spectroscopy of ISO-Oph-50, revealing the role of a structured, inhomogeneous inner disk in causing extreme variability in a young low-mass star.

Findings

Brightness varies by 2-4 mag across multiple bands.

Variability is driven by changing inhomogeneities in the inner disk.

Object shows quasi-periodic variations with 1-2 week timescales.

Abstract

ISO-Oph-50 is a young low-mass object in the ~Myr old Ophiuchus star forming region undergoing dramatic changes in its optical/near/mid-infrared brightness by 2-4 mag. We present new multi-band photometry and near-infrared spectra, combined with a synopsis of the existing literature data. Based on the spectroscopy, the source is confirmed as a mid M dwarf, with evidence for ongoing accretion. The near-infrared lightcurves show large-scale variations, with 2-4 mag amplitude in the bands IJHK, with the object generally being bluer when faint. Near its brightest state, the object shows colour changes consistent with variable extinction of dAV~7 mag. High-cadence monitoring at 3.6mu reveals quasi-periodic variations with a typical timescale of 1-2 weeks. The best explanation for these characteristics is a low-mass star seen through circumstellar matter, whose complex variability is caused by changing inhomogeneities in the inner parts of the disk. When faint, the direct stellar emission is blocked; the near-infrared radiation is dominated by scattered light. When bright, the emission is consistent with a photosphere strongly reddened by circumstellar dust. Based on the available constraints, the inhomogeneities have to be located at or beyond ~0.1 AU distance from the star. If this scenario turns out to be correct, a major portion of the inner disk has to be clumpy, structured, and/or in turmoil. In its observational characteristics, this object resembles other types of YSOs with variability caused in the inner disk. Compared to other objects, however, ISO-Oph-50 is clearly an extreme case, given the large amplitude of the brightness and colour changes combined with the erratic behaviour. ISO-Oph-50 has been near its brightest state since 2013; further monitoring is highly encouraged.