Fingering convection and cloudless models for cool brown dwarf atmospheres

TL;DR

This study improves brown dwarf atmosphere models by incorporating fingering convection and vertical mixing, successfully reproducing spectra of Y dwarfs and partially explaining T dwarf spectral features.

Contribution

It introduces the role of fingering convection in cloudless models, enhancing the accuracy of spectral predictions for cold brown dwarfs.

Findings

Y dwarf spectra are well reproduced with cloudless models including mixing and NH3 quenching.

T dwarf spectra show reddening that can be explained by reduced temperature gradients.

Fingering convection may be triggered by dust condensation, affecting atmospheric structure.

Abstract

This work aims to improve the current understanding of the atmospheres of brown dwarfs, especially cold ones with spectral type T and Y, whose modeling is a current challenge. Silicate and iron clouds are believed to disappear at the photosphere at the L/T transition, but cloudless models fail to reproduce correctly the spectra of T dwarfs, advocating for the addition of more physics, e.g. other types of clouds or internal energy transport mechanisms. We use a one-dimensional (1D) radiative/convective equilibrium code ATMO to investigate this issue. This code includes both equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium chemistry and solves consistently the PT structure. Included opacity sources are H2-H2, H2-He, H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, NH3, K, Na, and TiO, VO if they are present in the atmosphere. We show that the spectra of Y dwarfs can be accurately reproduced with a cloudless model if vertical mixing and NH3 quenching are taken into account. T dwarf spectra still have some reddening in e.g. J - H compared to cloudless models. This reddening can be reproduced by slightly reducing the temperature gradient in the atmosphere. We propose that this reduction of the stabilizing temperature gradient in these layers, leading to cooler structures, is due to the onset of fingering convection, triggered by the destabilizing impact of condensation of very thin dust.