Topologically Stratified Energy Minimizers in a Product Abelian Field Theory

TL;DR

This paper analyzes a product Abelian gauge field theory with magnetic impurities, establishing existence conditions for vortex and anti-vortex solutions on Riemann surfaces and deriving explicit minimum energy formulas.

Contribution

It provides necessary and sufficient conditions for vortex solutions with impurities and extends the model to include vortex-anti-vortex coexistence, with explicit energy formulas.

Findings

Existence conditions depend on vortex and anti-vortex counts and surface area.

Solutions' minimum energy is explicitly calculated in terms of topological invariants.

The model allows coexistence of vortices and anti-vortices with precise bounds.

Abstract

We study a recently developed product Abelian gauge field theory by Tong and Wong hosting magnetic impurities. We first obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a unique solution realizing such impurities in the form of multiple vortices. We next reformulate the theory into an extended model that allows the coexistence of vortices and anti-vortices. The two Abelian gauge fields in the model induce two species of magnetic vortex-lines resulting from $N_s$ vortices and $P_s$ anti-vortices ($s=1,2$) realized as the zeros and poles of two complex-valued Higgs fields, respectively. An existence theorem is established for the governing equations over a compact Riemann surface $S$ which states that a solution with prescribed $N_1, N_2$ vortices and $P_1,P_2$ anti-vortices of two designated species exists if and only if the inequalities \[ \left|N_1+N_2-(P_1+P_2)\right|<\frac{|S|}{\pi},\quad \left|N_1+2N_2-(P_1+2P_2)\right|<\frac{|S|}{\pi}, \] hold simultaneously, which give bounds for the `differences' of the vortex and anti-vortex numbers in terms of the total surface area of $S$. The minimum energy of these solutions is shown to assume the explicit value \[ E= 4\pi (N_1+N_2+P_1+P_2), \] given in terms of several topological invariants, measuring the total tension of the vortex-lines.