A Regularized Newton Method for Computing Ground States of Bose-Einstein condensates

TL;DR

This paper introduces a regularized Newton method for efficiently computing the ground states of Bose-Einstein condensates, combining discretization schemes, a feasible gradient approach, and a trust-region strategy to enhance convergence and robustness.

Contribution

The paper develops a novel regularized Newton method with a cascadic multigrid technique for accurate and efficient ground state computation of BECs, improving upon existing methods.

Findings

Method is efficient and robust in challenging 3D and 2D BEC examples.

Achieves high accuracy in computing ground states.

Converges reliably with various complex potentials.

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a regularized Newton method for computing ground states of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), which can be formulated as an energy minimization problem with a spherical constraint. The energy functional and constraint are discretized by either the finite difference, or sine or Fourier pseudospectral discretization schemes and thus the original infinite dimensional nonconvex minimization problem is approximated by a finite dimensional constrained nonconvex minimization problem. Then an initial solution is first constructed by using a feasible gradient type method, which is an explicit scheme and maintains the spherical constraint automatically. To accelerate the convergence of the gradient type method, we approximate the energy functional by its second-order Taylor expansion with a regularized term at each Newton iteration and adopt a cascadic multigrid technique for selecting initial data. It leads to a standard trust-region subproblem and we solve it again by the feasible gradient type method. The convergence of the regularized Newton method is established by adjusting the regularization parameter as the standard trust-region strategy. Extensive numerical experiments on challenging examples, including a BEC in three dimensions with an optical lattice potential and rotating BECs in two dimensions with rapid rotation and strongly repulsive interaction, show that our method is efficient, accurate and robust.