Quantum effects in many-body gravitating systems

TL;DR

This paper explores quantum effects in self-gravitating bosonic systems at zero temperature, revealing the formation of macroscopic, spatially-bounded structures and rings with superfluid properties, relevant to early celestial body formation.

Contribution

It introduces a hierarchy of equations for equilibrium reduced density matrices to analyze quantum gravitational systems, highlighting the formation of large, stable structures and rings.

Findings

Formation of spatially-bounded structures with size inversely proportional to particle number.

Existence of rotating ring-shaped superfluid structures.

Potential explanation for early stages of celestial body formation.

Abstract

A hierarchy of equations for equilibrium reduced density matrices obtained earlier is used to consider systems of spinless bosons bound by forces of gravity alone. The systems are assumed to be at absolute zero of temperature under conditions of Bose condensation. In this case, a peculiar interplay of quantum effects and of very weak gravitational interaction between microparticles occurs. As a result, there can form spatially-bounded equilibrium structures macroscopic in size, both immobile and rotating. The size of a structure is inversely related to the number of particles in the structure. When the number of particles is relatively small the size can be enormous, whereas if this numbder equals Avogadro's number the radius of the structure is about 30 cm in the case that the structure consists of hydrogen atoms. The rotating objects have the form of rings and exhibit superfluidity. An atmosphere that can be captured by tiny celestial bodies from the ambient medium is considered too. The thickness of the atmosphere decreases as its mass increases. If short-range intermolecular forces are taken into account, the results obtained hold for excited states whose lifetime can however be very long. The results of the paper can be utilized for explaining the first stage of formation of celestial bodies from interstellar and even intergalactic gases.