Virtual fundamental classes for moduli spaces of sheaves on Calabi-Yau four-folds

TL;DR

This paper constructs virtual fundamental classes for moduli spaces of sheaves on Calabi-Yau four-folds using derived geometry, enabling new invariants that are deformation-invariant and applicable where traditional methods fail.

Contribution

It introduces a method to define virtual classes for -2-shifted symplectic derived schemes, including moduli of sheaves on Calabi-Yau 4-folds, overcoming limitations of classical approaches.

Findings

Derived smooth manifolds can be associated to -2-shifted symplectic schemes.

Proper, oriented derived schemes have well-defined virtual classes in homology or bordism.

New Donaldson-Thomas type invariants for Calabi-Yau 4-folds are proposed.

Abstract

Let $({\bf X},\omega_{\bf X}^*)$ be a separated, $-2$-shifted symplectic derived $\mathbb C$-scheme, in the sense of Pantev, Toen, Vezzosi and Vaquie arXiv:1111.3209, of complex virtual dimension ${\rm vdim}_{\mathbb C}{\bf X}=n\in\mathbb Z$, and $X_{\rm an}$ the underlying complex analytic topological space. We prove that $X_{\rm an}$ can be given the structure of a derived smooth manifold ${\bf X}_{\rm dm}$, of real virtual dimension ${\rm vdim}_{\mathbb R}{\bf X}_{\rm dm}=n$. This ${\bf X}_{\rm dm}$ is not canonical, but is independent of choices up to bordisms fixing the underlying topological space $X_{\rm an}$. There is a 1-1 correspondence between orientations on $({\bf X},\omega_{\bf X}^*)$ and orientations on ${\bf X}_{\rm dm}$. Because compact, oriented derived manifolds have virtual classes, this means that proper, oriented $-2$-shifted symplectic derived $\mathbb C$-schemes have virtual classes, in either homology or bordism. This is surprising, as conventional algebro-geometric virtual cycle methods fail in this case. Our virtual classes have half the expected dimension, and from purely complex algebraic input, can yield a virtual class of odd real dimension. Now derived moduli schemes of coherent sheaves on a Calabi-Yau 4-fold are expected to be $-2$-shifted symplectic (this holds for stacks). We propose to use our virtual classes to define new Donaldson-Thomas style invariants 'counting' (semi)stable coherent sheaves on Calabi-Yau 4-folds $Y$ over $\mathbb C$, which should be unchanged under deformations of $Y$.