Structural Changes of Active Skeletal Muscles: Modelling, Validation and Numerical Experiments

TL;DR

This study validates a 3D finite element model of contracting skeletal muscle, demonstrating it can accurately simulate force-length relationships, internal fascicle geometry changes, and strain distributions, aligning well with experimental data.

Contribution

The paper introduces a validated 3D finite element model of skeletal muscle that captures realistic structural and force characteristics during contraction.

Findings

Force-length profile matches experimental data.

Fascicle geometry changes align with observed S-shaped trajectories.

Strain distribution depends on material properties of aponeurosis and tendon.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to report numerical validation of a 3D finite element model of contracting muscle. The model was based on continuum theory for fibre-reinforced composite materials. Here we simulated contractions for an idealized medial gastrocnemius muscle in man, using the model. Simulations were performed to test the force-length relation of the whole muscle, to evaluate the changes in internal fascicle geometry during contractions, and to assess the importance of material formulations for the aponeurosis and tendon. The simulation results were compared to previously published experimental values. The force-length profile for the whole muscle showed a realistic profile. As the muscle contracted the fascicles curved into S-shaped trajectories and curled around 3D paths, both of which matched previous experimental findings. As the fascicles shortened they increased in their cross-sectional area, but this increase was asymmetric with the smaller increase occurring within the fascicle-plane: the Poisson's ratio in this plane matched that previously shown from ultrasound imaging. The distribution of strains in the aponeurosis and tendon was shown to be a function of their material properties. This study demonstrated that the model could replicate realistic patterns of whole muscle-force, and changes to the internal muscle geometry, and so will be useful for testing mechanisms that affect the structural changes within contracting muscle.