Star formation in the filament of S254-S258 OB complex: a cluster in the process of making

TL;DR

This study investigates star formation in a filamentary dark cloud within the S254-S258 OB complex, revealing recent low-mass star formation likely driven by gravitational fragmentation, with implications for cluster development.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the star formation process in a specific filament, combining multi-wavelength data and modeling to suggest gravitational fragmentation as the dominant mechanism.

Findings

High protostar fraction (~70%) indicating recent star formation (~1 Myr ago)

Majority of YSOs are low-mass (<2 Msolar) and aligned along the filament's dense axis

Star formation efficiency is about 3%, with a rate of 30 Msolar Myr^-1

Abstract

Infrared Dark Clouds are ideal laboratories to study the initial processes of high-mass star and star cluster formation. We investigated star formation activity of an unexplored filamentary dark cloud (~5.7pc x 1.9pc), which itself is part of a large filament (~20pc) located in the S254-S258 OB complex at a distance of 2.5kpc. Using MIPS Spitzer 24 micron data, we uncover 49 sources with SNR greater than 5. We identified 45 sources as candidate YSOs of Class I, Flat-spectrum & Class II nature. Additional 17 candidate YSOs (9 Class I & 8 Class II) are also identified using JHK and WISE photometry. We find that the protostar to Class II sources ratio (~2) and the protostar fraction (~70%) of the region are high. When the protostar fraction compared to other young clusters, it suggests that the star formation in the dark cloud was possibly started only 1 Myr ago. Combining the NIR photometry of the YSO candidates with the theoretical evolutionary models, we infer that most of the candidate YSOs formed in the dark cloud are low-mass (<2 Msolar) in nature. We examine the spatial distribution of the YSOs and find that majority of them are linearly aligned along the highest column density line (N(H2) ~1 x 10^22 cm^-2) of the dark cloud along its long axis at mean nearest neighbor separation of ~0.2pc. Using observed properties of the YSOs, physical conditions of the cloud and a simple cylindrical model, we explore the possible star formation process of this filamentary dark cloud and suggest that gravitational fragmentation within the filament should have played a dominant role in the formation of the YSOs. From the total mass of the YSOs, gaseous mass associated with the dark cloud, and surrounding environment, we infer that the region is presently forming stars at an efficiency ~3% and a rate ~30 Msolar Myr^-1, and may emerge to a richer cluster.