Hidden Glashow resonance in neutrino-nucleus collisions

TL;DR

This paper reveals that the Glashow resonance can occur in neutrino-nucleus collisions across all neutrino flavors, but it remains hidden as a non-resonant logarithmic growth in cross section, impacting neutrino detection strategies.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the Glashow resonance occurs in neutrino-nucleus interactions for all flavors and is hidden as a logarithmic energy growth, not a Breit-Wigner peak.

Findings

Glashow resonance can be excited by all neutrino flavors in neutrino-nucleus collisions.

The resonance manifests as a slow logarithmic increase in cross section, not a peak.

Over 98% of W bosons in sub-PeV neutrino reactions originate from the Glashow resonance.

Abstract

Today it is widely believed that $s$-channel excitation of an on-shell~$W$ boson, commonly known as the Glashow resonance, can be initiated in matter only by the electron antineutrino in the process $\bar\nu_ee^-\rightarrow W^-$ at the laboratory energy around~6.3~PeV. In this paper we argue that the Glashow resonance within the Standard Model also occurs in neutrino--nucleus collisions. The main conclusions are as follows. 1)~The Glashow resonance can be excited by both~neutrinos and~antineutrinos of all the three flavors scattering in the Coulomb field of a nucleus. 2)~The Glashow resonance in a neutrino--nucleus reaction does not manifest itself as a Breit--Wigner-like peak in the cross section but the latter exhibits instead a slow logarithmic-law growth with the neutrino energy. The resonance turns thus out to be hidden. 3)~More than~$98\%$ of~$W$ bosons produced in the sub-PeV region in neutrino-initiated reactions in water/ice will be from the Glashow resonance. 4)~The vast majority of the Glashow resonance events in a neutrino detector is expected at energies from a few TeV to a few tens of TeV, being mostly initiated by the conventional atmospheric neutrinos dominant in this energy range. Calculations of the cross sections for Glashow resonance excitation on the oxygen nucleus as well as on the proton are carried out in detail. The results of this paper can be useful for studies of neutrino interactions at large volume water/ice neutrino detectors. For example, in the IceCube detector one can expect~0.3 Glashow resonance events with shower-like topologies and the deposited energies above~$300~\text{TeV}$ per year. It is therefore likely already to have at least one Glashow resonance event in the IceCube data set.