Phases and approximations of baryonic popcorn in a low-dimensional analogue of holographic QCD

TL;DR

This paper explores a lower-dimensional analogue of holographic QCD to study baryonic popcorn phases, validating common approximations used in the full five-dimensional models through detailed phase transition analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a new lower-dimensional model replacing the Sakai-Sugimoto soliton with an $O(3)$-sigma model instanton stabilized by a vector meson, enabling detailed numerical studies.

Findings

Identified a broader range of baryonic popcorn phase transitions.

Validated the use of flat-space field approximations in the model.

Confirmed the effectiveness of leading order metric expansions.

Abstract

The Sakai-Sugimoto model is the most pre-eminent model of holographic QCD, in which baryons correspond to topological solitons in a five-dimensional bulk spacetime. Recently it has been shown that a single soliton in this model can be well approximated by a flat-space self-dual Yang-Mills instanton with a small size, although studies of multi-solitons and solitons at finite density are currently beyond numerical computations. A lower-dimensional analogue of the model has also been studied in which the Sakai-Sugimoto soliton is replaced by a baby Skyrmion in three spacetime dimensions with a warped metric. The lower dimensionality of this model means that full numerical field calculations are possible, and static multi-solitons and solitons at finite density were both investigated, in particular the baryonic popcorn phase transitions at high densities. Here we present and investigate an alternative lower-dimensional analogue of the Sakai-Sugimoto model in which the Sakai-Sugimoto soliton is replaced by an $O(3)$-sigma model instanton in a warped three-dimensional spacetime stabilised by a massive vector meson. A more detailed range of baryonic popcorn phase transitions are found, and the low-dimensional model is used as a testing ground to check the validity of common approximations made in the full five-dimensional model, namely approximating fields using their flat-space equations of motion, and performing a leading order expansion in the metric.