The Puzzling Spectrum of HD 94509

TL;DR

This paper investigates the unusual spectral features of HD 94509, a Be star with a stable shell, by analyzing its spectrum and estimating physical conditions and abundances using various modeling techniques.

Contribution

It provides a detailed spectral analysis of HD 94509, including physical conditions and chemical abundances, and introduces a simple model to explain observed features.

Findings

Spectral features are consistent with a near-solar chemical composition.

Column densities and excitation temperatures are well explained by the model.

Some features, like ionization degree, are less accurately modeled.

Abstract

The spectral features of HD 94509 are highly unusual, adding an extreme to the zoo of Be and shell stars. The shell dominates the spectrum, showing lines typical for spectral types mid-A to early-F, while the presence of a late/mid B-type central star is indicated by photospheric hydrogen line wings and helium lines. Numerous metallic absorption lines have broad wings but taper to narrow cores. They cannot be fit by Voigt profiles. We aim to describe and illustrate unusual spectral features of this star, and make rough calculations to estimate physical conditions and abundances in the shell. Furthermore, the central star is characterized. We assume mean conditions for the shell. An electron density estimate is made from the Inglis-Teller formula. Excitation temperatures and column densities for Fe I and Fe II are derived from curves of growth. The neutral H column density is estimated from high Paschen members. The column densities are compared with calculations made with the photoionization code Cloudy. Atmospheric parameters of the central star are constrained employing non-LTE spectrum synthesis. Overall chemical abundances are close to solar. Column densities of the dominant ions of several elements, as well as excitation temperatures and the mean electron density are well accounted for by a simple model. Several features, including the degree of ionization, are less well described. HD 94509 is a Be star with a stable shell, close to the terminal-age main sequence. The dynamical state of the shell and the unusually shaped, but symmetric line profiles, require a separate study.