Generalized Quantum Theory, Contextual Emergence and Non-Hierarchic Alternatives

TL;DR

This paper critically examines emergence, especially mental properties from neural bases, proposing quantum-like features and non-causal relations as integral to understanding complex systems without reductionism.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of observable extension as a contextual alternative to emergence, emphasizing quantum-like features and non-causal relations in complex systems.

Findings

Quantum-like features are expected in emergent qualities.

Non-causal relations like entanglement are considered real elements.

Observable extension offers a non-hierarchic view of emergence.

Abstract

The concept of emergence is critically analyzed in particular with respect to the assumed emergence of mental properties from a neuronal basis. We argue that so-called contextual emergence is needed to avoid an eliminatory reductionism. Quantum-like features of the emergent qualities are to be expected. As a consequence, non-causal relations like entanglement correlations have to be considered as full fledged elements of reality. "Observable extension" is proposed as a contextual alternative to emergence avoiding the asymmetry between purportedly basic and emergent properties.