Going with the flow: using gas clouds to probe the accretion flow feeding Sgr A*

TL;DR

This study uses the orbits of gas clouds G1 and G2 near Sgr A* to constrain the accretion flow's properties, revealing its rotation axis and origin, and providing predictions for future observations.

Contribution

It introduces a novel method to infer the accretion flow's rotation axis and origin using the orbital evolution of gas clouds G1 and G2 around Sgr A*.

Findings

The accretion flow's rotation axis is within 20 degrees, aligned with the jet and circumnuclear disk.

The gas in the accretion flow mainly originates from the circumnuclear disk.

Predictions for the orbital evolution of G1 and G2 are made, testable in 5-10 years.

Abstract

The massive black hole in our galactic center, Sgr A*, accretes only a small fraction of the gas available at its Bondi radius. The physical processes determining this accretion rate remain unknown, partly due to a lack of observational constraints on the gas at distances between ~10 and ~10$^5$ Schwarzschild radii (Rs) from the black hole. Recent infrared observations identify low-mass gas clouds, G1 and G2, moving on highly eccentric, nearly co-planar orbits through the accretion flow around Sgr A*. Although it is not yet clear whether these objects contain embedded stars, their extended gaseous envelopes evolve independently as gas clouds. In this paper we attempt to use these gas clouds to constrain the properties of the accretion flow at ~10$^3$ Rs. Assuming that G1 and G2 follow the same trajectory, we model the small differences in their orbital parameters as evolution resulting from interaction with the background flow. We find evolution consistent with the G-clouds originating in the clockwise disk. Our analysis enables the first unique determination of the rotation axis of the accretion flow: we localize the rotation axis to within 20 degrees, finding an orientation consistent with the parsec-scale jet identified in x-ray observations and with the circumnuclear disk, a massive torus of molecular gas ~1.5 pc from Sgr A*. This suggests that the gas in the accretion flow comes predominantly from the circumnuclear disk, rather than the winds of stars in the young clockwise disk. This result will be tested by the Event Horizon Telescope within the next year. Our model also makes testable predictions for the orbital evolution of G1 and G2, falsifiable on a 5-10 year timescale.