Single-Source Nets of Algebraically-Quantized Reflective Liouville Potentials on the Line I. Almost-Everywhere Holomorphic Solutions of Rational Canonical Sturm-Liouville Equations with Second-Order Poles

TL;DR

This paper develops a unified method for constructing rational Liouville potentials and their polynomial solutions using canonical Sturm-Liouville equations with second-order poles, leveraging Darboux transformations and Heine polynomials.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach to generate rational Liouville potentials and polynomial solutions via canonical transformations and almost-everywhere holomorphic solutions, expanding the toolkit for spectral analysis.

Findings

Constructed networks of polynomial solutions called Heine polynomials.

Proved CLDT preserves rational form of RCSLE with AEH solutions.

Linked polynomial solutions to classical orthogonal polynomials.

Abstract

The paper presents the unified technique for constructing SUSY ladders of rational Liouville potentials (RLPs) starting from the so-called "Gauss-reference" (GRef) potentials exactly quantized on the line via classical Jacobi, classical (generalized) Laguerre, or Romanovski-Routh polynomials with energy-dependent indexes. Each RLP is obtained by means of the Liouville transformation (LT) of the appropriate rational canonical Sturm-Liouville equation (RCSLE) with second-order poles. The presented analysis takes advantage of the generic factorization of canonical Sturm-Liouville equations (CSLEs) in terms of intertwining "generalized" Darboux operators. We refer to the latter operators as the canonical Liouville-Darboux transformations (CLDTs) to stress that they are equivalent to three-step operations: i) the LT from the CSLE to the Schrodinger equation; ii) the Darboux transformation (DT) of the appropriate LP; and iii) the inverse LT from the Schrodinger equation to the new CSLE. It is proven that the CLDT preserves the rational form of the RCSLE if its factorization function (FF) is an almost-everywhere holomorphic (AEH) solution of the RCSLE (or, in other words, a solution with a rational logarithmic derivative). As explained in the paper there are up to four gauge transformations which convert each RCSLE of our interest into the second-order differential equations with energy-dependent polynomial coefficients. The most important result of the paper is that polynomial solutions of these equations belong to sequences of Heine polynomials obtained by varying free terms at fixed values of singular points and the appropriate characteristic exponents. This allows us to construct networks of polynomial solutions -- the so-called "r-, c-, or i-Gauss-seed" (r-, c-, or i-GS) Heine polynomials -- starting from Jacobi, (generalized) Laguerre or Routh polynomials, respectively.