On flare predictability based on sunspot group evolution

TL;DR

This paper generalizes a flare prediction method by introducing the weighted horizontal magnetic gradient (W_GM), improving the ability to forecast flare onset time and likelihood of subsequent flares based on sunspot group evolution.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel approach using W_GM to enhance flare prediction accuracy and to forecast flare timing and recurrence more effectively.

Findings

Linear relationship between converging motion duration and flare onset time.

W_GM decrease of about 54% indicates no subsequent flare.

Less than 42% decrease in W_GM suggests a likely follow-up flare.

Abstract

The forecast method introduced by Kors\'os et al.(2014) is generalised from the horizontal magnetic gradient (GM), defined between two opposite polarity spots, to all spots within an appropriately defined region close to the magnetic neutral line of an active region. This novel approach is not limited to searching for the largest GM of two single spots as in previous methods. Instead, the pre-flare conditions of the evolution of spot groups is captured by the introduction of the weighted horizontal magnetic gradient, or W_GM. This new proxy enables the potential of forecasting flares stronger than M5. The improved capability includes (i) the prediction of flare onset time and (ii) an assessment whether a flare is followed by another event within about 18 hours. The prediction of onset time is found to be more accurate here. A linear relationship is established between the duration of converging motion and the time elapsed from the moment of closest position to that of the flare onset of opposite polarity spot groups. The other promising relationship is between the maximum of the W_GM prior to flaring and the value of W_GM at the moment of the initial flare onset in the case of multiple flaring. We found that when the W_GM decreases by about 54%, then there is no second flare. If, however, when the W_GM decreases less than 42%, then there will be likely a follow-up flare stronger than M5. This new capability may be useful for an automated flare prediction tool.