HELIOS-K: An Ultrafast, Open-source Opacity Calculator for Radiative Transfer

TL;DR

HELIOS-K is an open-source, GPU-accelerated tool that rapidly computes spectral line opacities for atmospheric modeling, significantly reducing computational time and handling vast line lists efficiently.

Contribution

The paper introduces HELIOS-K, a novel GPU-optimized opacity calculator that combines advanced algorithms to process millions of spectral lines quickly for radiative transfer applications.

Findings

HELIOS-K computes opacity functions with ~10^5 lines in about 1 second.

The choice of line-wing cutoff significantly impacts flux calculations, causing up to 10% error.

The correlated-k approximation applies to both homogeneous and inhomogeneous atmospheres.

Abstract

We present an ultrafast opacity calculator that we name HELIOS-K. It takes a line list as an input, computes the shape of each spectral line and provides an option for grouping an enormous number of lines into a manageable number of bins. We implement a combination of Algorithm 916 and Gauss-Hermite quadrature to compute the Voigt profile, write the code in CUDA and optimise the computation for graphics processing units (GPUs). We restate the theory of the k-distribution method and use it to reduce $\sim 10^5$ to $10^8$ lines to $\sim 10$ to $10^4$ wavenumber bins, which may then be used for radiative transfer, atmospheric retrieval and general circulation models. The choice of line-wing cutoff for the Voigt profile is a significant source of error and affects the value of the computed flux by $\sim 10\%$. This is an outstanding physical (rather than computational) problem, due to our incomplete knowledge of pressure broadening of spectral lines in the far line wings. We emphasize that this problem remains regardless of whether one performs line-by-line calculations or uses the k-distribution method and affects all calculations of exoplanetary atmospheres requiring the use of wavelength-dependent opacities. We elucidate the correlated-k approximation and demonstrate that it applies equally to inhomogeneous atmospheres with a single atomic/molecular species or homogeneous atmospheres with multiple species. Using a NVIDIA K20 GPU, HELIOS-K is capable of computing an opacity function with $\sim 10^5$ spectral lines in $\sim 1$ second and is publicly available as part of the Exoclimes Simulation Platform (ESP; www.exoclime.org).