Two-dimensional nanovaristors at grain boundaries account for memristive switching in polycrystalline BiFeO3

TL;DR

This study uncovers that grain boundaries in polycrystalline BiFeO3 act as two-dimensional nanovaristors, with atomic-scale processes involving oxygen vacancies driving memristive switching, offering new insights for device design.

Contribution

It combines experimental and multi-scale calculations to reveal the atomic-scale mechanism of memristive switching in polycrystalline BiFeO3, highlighting the role of nanovaristor behavior at grain boundaries.

Findings

Grain boundaries behave like nanovaristors during switching.

Oxygen vacancies are swept into grain boundaries under voltage.

Vacancy redistribution causes SET and RESET voltage effects.

Abstract

Memristive switching in polycrystalline materials is widely attributed to the formation and rupture of conducting filaments, believed to be mediated by oxygen-vacancy redistribution. The underlying atomic-scale processes are still unknown, however, which limits device modeling and design. Here we combine experimental data with multi-scale calculations to elucidate the entire atomic-scale cycle in undoped polycrystalline BiFeO3. Conductive atomic force microscopy reveals that the grain boundaries behave like two-dimensional nanovaristors while, on the return part of the cycle, the decreasing current is through the grains. Using density-functional-theory and Monte-Carlo calculations we deduce the atomic-scale mechanism of the observed phenomena. Oxygen vacancies in non-equilibrium concentrations are initially distributed relatively uniformly, but they are swept into the grain boundaries by an increasing voltage. A critical voltage, the SET voltage, then eliminates the barrier for hopping conduction through vacancy energy levels in grain boundaries. On the return part of the cycle, the grain boundaries are again non-conductive, but the grains show nonzero conductivity by virtue of remote doping by oxygen vacancies. The RESET voltage amounts to a heat pulse that redistributes the vacancies. The realization that nanovaristors are at the heart of memristive switching in polycrystalline materials may open possibilities for novel devices and circuits.