Covariant Perturbations of f(R) Black Holes: The Weyl Terms

TL;DR

This paper develops a covariant, gauge-invariant framework for analyzing non-spherical perturbations of Schwarzschild black holes in $f(R)$ gravity, clarifying the relation between different perturbation variables and wave equations.

Contribution

It introduces a new set of perturbation variables and wave equations that unify and extend previous approaches in $f(R)$ gravity black hole perturbation analysis.

Findings

Derived covariant, gauge-invariant perturbation variables.

Connected variables to Newman-Penrose Weyl scalars.

Unified tensor and scalar perturbation equations.

Abstract

In this paper we revisit non-spherical perturbations of the Schwarzschild black hole in the context of $f(R)$ gravity. Previous studies were able to demonstrate the stability of the $f(R)$ Schwarzschild black hole against gravitational perturbations in both the even and odd parity sectors. In particular, it was seen that the Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli equations in $f(R)$ gravity obey the same equations as their General Relativity counterparts. More recently, the 1+1+2 semi-tetrad formalism has been used to derive a set of two wave equations: one for transverse, trace-free (tensor) perturbations and one for the additional scalar modes that characterise fourth-order theories of gravitation. The master variable governing tensor perturbations was shown to be a modified Regge-Wheeler tensor obeying the same equation as in General Relativity. However, it is well known that there is a non-uniqueness in the definition of the master variable. In this paper we derive a set of two perturbation variables and their concomitant wave equations that describe gravitational perturbations in a covariant and gauge invariant manner. These variables can be related to the Newman-Penrose (NP) Weyl scalars as well as the master variables from the 2+2 formalism.