Inhibited, Explosive and Anisotropic Relaxation in a Gas of Molecular Super-Rotors

TL;DR

This paper explores the unique relaxation dynamics of gas molecules spun to high speeds by femtosecond lasers, revealing a prolonged metastable gyroscopic stage followed by explosive energy transfer to equilibrium.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of a gyroscopic metastable stage in super-rotor gases and details the anisotropic relaxation process through molecular dynamics simulations.

Findings

Identification of a long-lasting gyroscopic metastable stage

Observation of anisotropic diffusion and birefringence

Discovery of explosive rotational-translational energy transfer

Abstract

Recently, several femtosecond laser techniques have been developed that are capable of bringing gas molecules to extremely fast rotation in a very short time, while keeping their translational motion intact and relatively slow. We investigate collisional equilibration dynamics of this new state of molecular gases, and find that it follows a remarkable generic scenario. The route to equilibrium starts with a durable metastable 'gyroscopic stage', in the course of which the molecules maintain their fast rotation and orientation of the angular momentum through many collisions. The inhibited rotational-translational relaxation is characterized by a persistent anisotropy in the molecular angular distribution, and is manifested in the long-lasting optical birefringence, and anisotropic diffusion in the gas. After a certain induction time, the 'gyroscopic stage' is abruptly terminated by a self-accelerating explosive rotational-translational energy exchange leading the gas towards the final thermal equilibrium. We illustrate our conclusions by direct Molecular Dynamics simulation of super-rotors in several gases consisting of common linear molecules (such as N_2, O_2 and CO_2).