On the spatial distribution of thermal energy in equilibrium

TL;DR

This paper investigates how thermal energy distributes spatially in equilibrium systems, showing universal bounds and conditions under which equipartition holds or fails, especially in coupled and higher-dimensional systems.

Contribution

It demonstrates that for Gaussian fluctuations, the spatial thermal energy distribution is universally bounded and identifies conditions where equipartition persists or breaks down in coupled systems.

Findings

Thermal energy distribution is universally bounded by 1/2 k_B T.

Equipartition holds in 1D systems with short-range interactions in the thermodynamic limit.

Higher dimensions exhibit non-trivial spatial energy distributions.

Abstract

The equipartition theorem states that in equilibrium thermal energy is equally distributed among uncoupled degrees of freedom which appear quadratically in the system's Hamiltonian. However, for spatially coupled degrees of freedom --- such as interacting particles --- one may speculate that the spatial distribution of thermal energy may differ from the value predicted by equipartition, possibly quite substantially in strongly inhomogeneous/disordered systems. Here we show that for systems undergoing simple Gaussian fluctuations around an equilibrium state, the spatial distribution is universally bounded from above by $\frac{1}{2}k_BT$. We further show that in one-dimensional systems with short-range interactions, the thermal energy is equally partitioned even for coupled degrees of freedom in the thermodynamic limit and that in higher dimensions non-trivial spatial distributions emerge. Some implications are discussed.