Optimization and universality of Brownian search in quenched heterogeneous media

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that a spatially heterogeneous random walk can universally optimize search efficiency across dimensions, revealing an optimal heterogeneity that minimizes mean first passage time, with implications for biological processes.

Contribution

It introduces a minimal model showing how spatial heterogeneity in diffusivity universally enhances search efficiency and identifies an optimal heterogeneity level that minimizes MFPT.

Findings

Existence of an optimal heterogeneity reducing MFPT

Universality of the heterogeneous search across target sizes and dimensions

Heterogeneous search outperforms intermittent strategies in higher dimensions

Abstract

The kinetics of a variety of transport-controlled processes can be reduced to the problem of determining the mean time needed to arrive at a given location for the first time, the so called mean first passage time (MFPT) problem. The occurrence of occasional large jumps or intermittent patterns combining various types of motion are known to outperform the standard random walk with respect to the MFPT, by reducing oversampling of space. Here we show that a regular but spatially heterogeneous random walk can significantly and universally enhance the search in any spatial dimension. In a generic minimal model we consider a spherically symmetric system comprising two concentric regions with piece-wise constant diffusivity. The MFPT is analyzed under the constraint of conserved average dynamics, that is, the spatially averaged diffusivity is kept constant. Our analytical calculations and extensive numerical simulations demonstrate the existence of an {\em optimal heterogeneity} minimizing the MFPT to the target. We prove that the MFPT for a random walk is completely dominated by what we term direct trajectories towards the target and reveal a remarkable universality of the spatially heterogeneous search with respect to target size and system dimensionality. In contrast to intermittent strategies, which are most profitable in low spatial dimensions, the spatially inhomogeneous search performs best in higher dimensions. Discussing our results alongside recent experiments on single particle tracking in living cells we argue that the observed spatial heterogeneity may be beneficial for cellular signaling processes.