A Data Transmission Method Based on Ethernet Physical Layer for Particle Physics Experiment

TL;DR

This paper proposes a hardware-based data transmission method for particle physics experiments using Ethernet physical layer, replacing TCP/IP with a simple protocol to improve efficiency and real-time performance.

Contribution

It introduces a novel hardware-centric data readout approach based on Ethernet PHY, bypassing TCP/IP to enhance performance in physics experiment data acquisition systems.

Findings

Achieved efficient data transmission from readout modules to DAQ.

Simplified implementation by replacing TCP/IP with a custom protocol.

Prototype system demonstrates good efficiency and simplicity.

Abstract

Due to the advantages of universality, flexibility and high performance, fast Ethernet is widely used in readout system design of modern particle physics experiments. However, Ethernet is usually used together with TCP/IP protocol stack, which makes it difficult to be implemented because designers have to use operating system to process this protocol. Furthermore, TCP/IP protocol degrades the transmission efficiency and real-time performance. To maximize the performance of Ethernet in physics experiment applications, a data readout method based on physical layer (PHY) is proposed in this paper. In this method, TCP/IP protocol is forsaken and replaced with a customized and simple protocol, which make it easier to be implemented. On each readout module, data from front-end electronics is first fed into an FPGA for protocol processing and then sent out to a PHY chip controlled by this FPGA for transmission. This kind of data path is fully implemented by hardware. While from the side of data acquisition system (DAQ), absence of standard protocol makes the network related applications panic. To solve this problem, in the operating system kernel space, data received by network interface card is drawn away from the traditional flow and redirected to a specified memory space by a customized program. This memory space can be easily accessed by applications in user space. For the purpose of verification, a prototype system is designed and implemented. Preliminary test result shows that this method can meet the requirement of data transmission from readout module to DAQ with good efficiency and simplicity.