Entropy of a self-gravitating electrically charged thin shell and the black hole limit

TL;DR

This paper investigates the thermodynamic and entropic properties of a charged thin shell in spacetime, demonstrating that as the shell approaches its gravitational radius, its entropy converges to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a black hole.

Contribution

It provides a detailed thermodynamic analysis of a charged shell, deriving conditions under which its entropy matches black hole entropy in the limit.

Findings

Shell entropy depends only on gravitational and Cauchy radii.

Hawking temperature emerges as the shell approaches its gravitational radius.

Shell entropy equals Bekenstein-Hawking entropy in the black hole limit.

Abstract

A static self-gravitating electrically charged spherical thin shell embedded in a (3+1)-dimensional spacetime is used to study the thermodynamic and entropic properties of the corresponding spacetime. Inside the shell, the spacetime is flat, outside it is Reissner-Nordstr\"om, and this establishes the energy density, the pressure, and the electric charge in the shell. Imposing that the shell is at a given local temperature and that the first law of thermodynamics holds on the shell one can find the integrability conditions for the temperature and for the thermodynamic electric potential, the thermodynamic equilibrium states, and the thermodynamic stability conditions. Through the integrability conditions and the first law of thermodynamics an expression for the shell's entropy can be calculated. It is found that the shell's entropy is a function of the shell's gravitational and Cauchy radii alone. A plethora of sets of temperature and electric potential equations of state can be given. One set of equations of state is related to the Hawking temperature and a precisely given electric potential. Then, as one pushes the shell to its own gravitational radius and the temperature is set precisely equal to the Hawking temperature, so that there is a finite quantum backreaction, one finds that the entropy of the shell equals the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy for a black hole. Other set of equations of state are given and the thermodynamic properties analyzed. Whatever the initial equation of state for the temperature, as the shell radius approaches its own gravitational radius, the quantum backreaction imposes the Hawking temperature for the shell in this limit. Thus, when the shell's radius is sent to the shell's own gravitational radius the formalism developed allows to find the precise form of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the correlated black hole.