Anomalies of water nanobubbles and nanodroplets: molecular undercoordination

TL;DR

This paper explores how molecular undercoordination affects water and ice properties by altering bond lengths and stiffness, impacting behaviors of nanobubbles, nanodroplets, and other undercoordinated water structures.

Contribution

It provides a molecular-level explanation of anomalies in water nanobubbles and nanodroplets through the concept of undercoordination affecting bond dynamics.

Findings

Undercoordination shortens and stiffens H-O bonds.

It lengthens and softens O:H nonbonds.

Behavior of water and ice is dominated by undercoordinated molecules.

Abstract

Molecular undercoordination shortens and stiffens the H-O bond but lengthens and softens the O:H nonbond simultaneously associated with O 1s energy entrapment and nonbonding electron dual polarization, which dictates behavior of water and ice dominated by undercoordinated molecules, such as droplets, bubbles, defects, skins, etc.