The Closest Known Flyby of a Star to the Solar System

TL;DR

This study calculates the past trajectory of a nearby binary star, Scholz's star, revealing it came within 0.25 parsecs of the Sun 70,000 years ago, making it the closest known stellar flyby with well-constrained parameters.

Contribution

It provides the first precise trajectory analysis of Scholz's star, demonstrating its close approach to the Sun and assessing its potential impact on the Oort Cloud.

Findings

Scholz's star passed within 0.25 parsecs of the Sun 70,000 years ago.

The encounter was dynamically weak due to the star's low mass and high velocity.

The probability of the star penetrating the outer Oort Cloud is about 98%.

Abstract

Passing stars can perturb the Oort Cloud, triggering comet showers and potentially extinction events on Earth. We combine velocity measurements for the recently discovered, nearby, low-mass binary system WISE J072003.20-084651.2 ("Scholz's star") to calculate its past trajectory. Integrating the Galactic orbits of this $\sim$0.15 M$_{\odot}$ binary system and the Sun, we find that the binary passed within only 52$^{+23}_{-14}$ kAU (0.25$^{+0.11}_{-0.07}$ parsec) of the Sun 70$^{+15}_{-10}$ kya (1$\sigma$ uncertainties), i.e. within the outer Oort Cloud. This is the closest known encounter of a star to our solar system with a well-constrained distance and velocity. Previous work suggests that flybys within 0.25 pc occur infrequently ($\sim$0.1 Myr$^{-1}$). We show that given the low mass and high velocity of the binary system, the encounter was dynamically weak. Using the best available astrometry, our simulations suggest that the probability that the star penetrated the outer Oort Cloud is $\sim$98%, but the probability of penetrating the dynamically active inner Oort Cloud ($<$20 kAU) is $\sim$10$^{-4}$. While the flyby of this system likely caused negligible impact on the flux of long-period comets, the recent discovery of this binary highlights that dynamically important Oort Cloud perturbers may be lurking among nearby stars.