The Statistical and Numerical Study of the Longitudinally Asymmetric Distribution of Solar Proton Events Affecting the Earth Environment of 1996-2011

TL;DR

This study analyzes 78 solar proton events from 1996-2011, revealing a longitudinal asymmetry in their source distribution caused by the Parker magnetic field topology and perpendicular diffusion, aiding space weather prediction.

Contribution

It provides a statistical analysis combined with a 3D model to explain the asymmetry in solar proton event sources, which was not thoroughly understood before.

Findings

Eastern sources produce more proton events than western ones at 1 AU.

The asymmetry is due to the Parker magnetic field topology and perpendicular diffusion effects.

Results improve understanding of solar-terrestrial interactions and space weather forecasting.

Abstract

Large solar proton events (SPEs) affect the solar-terrestrial space environment and become a very important aspect in space weather research. In this work, we statistically investigate 78 solar proton events of 1996-2011 and find that there exists a longitudinally asymmetric distribution of flare sources of the solar proton events observed near 1 AU, namely, with the same longitude separation between magnetic field line footpoint of observer and flare sources, the number of the solar proton events originating from sources located at eastern side of the nominal magnetic footpoint of observer is much larger than that of the solar proton events originating from sources located at western side. A complete model calculation of solar energetic particle (SEP) propagation in the three-dimensional Parker interplanetary magnetic field is presented to give a numerical explanation for this longitudinally asymmetric distribution phenomenon. We find that the longitudinally asymmetric distribution of solar proton events results from the east-west azimuthal asymmetry in the topology of the Parker interplanetary magnetic field as well as the effects of perpendicular diffusion on the transport of SEPs in the heliosphere. Our results would be valuable in understanding the solar-terrestrial relations and useful in space weather forecasting.