Lagrangian formulation of irreversible thermodynamics, and the second law of thermodynamics

TL;DR

This paper introduces a variational principle-based Lagrangian formulation for irreversible thermodynamics, linking microscopic reversibility with the second law through symmetric Lagrangians involving normal and mirror-image systems.

Contribution

It presents a novel Lagrangian approach that derives irreversible evolution equations and explains the second law via symmetry considerations in thermodynamics.

Findings

Derivation of irreversible evolution equations from a variational principle.

Demonstration that the second law follows from Lagrangian symmetry.

Introduction of a mirror-image system concept balancing entropy changes.

Abstract

We show that the equations which describe irreversible evolution of a system can be derived from a variational principle. We suggest a Lagrangian, which depends on the properties of the normal and the so-called "mirror-image" system. The Lagrangian is symmetric in time and therefore compatible with microscopic reversibility. The evolution equations in the normal and mirror-imaged systems are decoupled and describe therefore independent irreversible evolution of each of the systems. The second law of thermodynamics follows from a symmetry of the Lagrangian. Entropy increase in the normal system is balanced by the entropy decrease in the mirror-image system, such that there exist an "integral of evolution" which is a constant. The derivation relies on the property of local equilibrium, which states that the local relations between the thermodynamic quantities in non-equilibrium are the same as in equilibrium.