Coarsening in granular systems

TL;DR

This paper reviews phase separation and coarsening phenomena in granular systems, highlighting experimental, theoretical, and phenomenological insights into their non-equilibrium behaviors and industrial relevance.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of coarsening in granular media, including models, experiments, and mechanisms, with a focus on phase coexistence, segregation, and compaction.

Findings

Granular gases exhibit slow growth of correlated structures like vortices.

Phase coexistence and coarsening are observed in fluidized monolayers with energy input.

Phenomenological models can quantitatively describe coarsening dynamics and phase transitions.

Abstract

We review a few representative examples of granular experiments or models where phase separation, accompanied by domain coarsening, is a relevant phenomenon. We first elucidate the intrinsic non-equilibrium, or athermal, nature of granular media. Thereafter, dilute systems, the so-called "granular gases" are discussed: idealized kinetic models, such as the gas of inelastic hard spheres in the cooling regime, are the optimal playground to study the slow growth of correlated structures, e.g. shear patterns, vortices and clusters. In fluidized experiments, liquid-gas or solid-gas separations have been observed. In the case of monolayers of particles, phase coexistence and coarsening appear in several different setups, with mechanical or electrostatic energy input. Phenomenological models describe, even quantitatively, several experimental measures, both for the coarsening dynamics and for the dynamic transition between different granular phases. The origin of the underlying bistability is in general related to negative compressibility from granular hydrodynamics computations, even if the understanding of the mechanism is far from complete. A relevant problem, with important industrial applications, is related to the demixing or segregation of mixtures, for instance in rotating tumblers or on horizontally vibrated plates. Finally, the problem of compaction of highly dense granular materials, which has many important applications, is usually described in terms of coarsening dynamics: there, bubbles of mis-aligned grains evaporate, allowing the coalescence of optimally arranged islands and a progressive reduction of total occupied volume.